Аннотация
Множественная миелома (ММ) — это генетически сложное и клинически гетерогенное заболевание, которое традиционно считается неизлечимым. С появлением новых препаратов и диагностических возможностей все большее внимание привлекает новая концепция терапии ММ, получившая название функционального излечения. Одно из определений функционального излечения звучит как устойчивое отсутствие измеряемой болезни в течение 5 лет и более после прекращения противоопухолевой терапии с сохранением приемлемого качества жизни пациента. В настоящем обзоре обсуждаются ключевые аспекты диагностики и лечения ММ с использованием критериев IMWG SLiM-CRAB, которые позволяют выявлять пациентов без симптомов, но с высоким риском прогрессирования в пределах 2 ближайших лет. Особое внимание уделено текущим данным по верификации тлеющей множественной миеломы (ТММ) с высоким риском скорой трансформации в симптоматическую ММ. Обсуждаются две стратегии лечения больных ТММ высокого риска, включающие опции низкоинтенсивной терапии, рассчитанные на увеличение времени до прогрессирования, и интенсифицированную терапию, направленную на эрадикацию минимальной остаточной болезни (МОБ) и возможное излечение. У пациентов с впервые диагностированной ММ, подходящих для трансплантации аутологичных гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (аутоТГСК), приоритетными становятся схемы индукции, состоящие из 4 активных препаратов (D-VRd, Isa-VRd), с последующей аутоТГСК и поддерживающей терапией. Подобный подход позволяет достичь устойчивый МОБ-отрицательный ответ у большого числа больных и в долгосрочной перспективе говорить об их функциональном излечении. У пациентов, не подходящих для аутоТГСК, предпочтение отдается комбинированной терапии с использованием моноклональных анти-CD38-антител (даратумумаб, изатуксимаб), которые продемонстрировали хорошие результаты с достижением МОБ-негативности и улучшением показателей выживаемости. Дальнейшие перспективы лечения ММ связаны с развитием иммунотерапии (CAR T-клетки, биспецифические антитела), доказавшей высокую эффективность у больных с рефрактерной ММ. Новые методы лечения впервые диагностированной ММ открывают широкие возможности для достижения функционального излечения у значительной части пациентов. Функциональное излечение становится реалистичной целью терапии ММ, что диктует необходимость проведения дальнейших исследований и разработки персонализированных подходов к лечению.
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