мужское бесплодие

Лимфома Ходжкина и проблемы репродукции у мужчин

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ , , ,

А.А. Винокуров

ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Д. Рогачева», Москва, Российская Федерация

РЕФЕРАТ

В обзоре литературы подробно рассмотрены механизмы влияния цитостатических препаратов и их комбинаций на мужские репродуктивные клетки. Показана частота бесплодия, индуцированная схемами комбинированной противоопухолевой терапии лимфомы Ходжкина. Даны подробные описания характерных эндокринных нарушений, возникающих после противоопухолевого лечения, представлены используемые и экспериментальные методы сохранения фертильности.

Ключевые слова: лимфома Ходжкина, мужское бесплодие, криоконсервация спермы, сохранение фертильности.

Читать статью в PDFpdficon

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

  1. Steliarova-Foucher E., Stiller C., Kaatsch P. et al. Geographical patterns and time trends of cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents in Europe since the 1970s (the ACCIS project): an epidemiological study. Lancet 2004; 364(9451): 2097–105.
  2. Ferlay J., Shin H.R., Bray F. et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int. J. Cancer 2010; 127(12): 2893–917.
  3. Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2005; 55(2): 74–108.
  4. Давыдов М.И., Аксель Е.М. Заболеваемость злокачественными ново- образованиями населения России странах СНГ в 2004 г. Вестн. РОНЦ им. Н.Н. Блохина РАМН 2006; 17(3, прил. 1): 45–77. [Davydov M.I., Aksel Ye.M. Zabolevayemost zlokachestvennymi novoobrazovaniyami naseleniya Rossii stranakh SNG v 2004 g (Cancer incidence in population of Russia and CIS in 2004. In: Bullet. of N.N.Blokhin RCC, RAMS). Vestn. RONTS im. N.N. Blokhina RAMN 2006; 17(3, pril. 1): 45–77.]
  5. Чиссов В.И., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. Злокачественные ново- образования в России в 2010 г. (Заболеваемость и смертность). М.: ФГБУ «МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена» МЗ РФ, 2012. [Chissov V.I., Starinskiy V.V., Petrova G.V. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniya v Rossii v 2010 g. (Zabolevayemost i smertnost) (Cancer in Russia in 2010. (Incidence and mortality)). M.: FGBU «MNIOI im. P.A. Gertsena» MZ RF, 2012.]
  6. Evens A.M., Antillon M., Aschebrook-Kilfoy B., Chiu B.C. Racial disparities in Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a comprehensive population-based analysis. Ann. Oncol. 2012; 23(8): 2128–37.
  7. Miller B.A., Chu K.C., Hankey B.F., Ries L.A. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns among specific Asian and Pacific Islander populations in the U.S. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19(3): 227–56.
  8. Волкова М.А. Клиническая онкогематология: Руководство для врачей, 2-е изд. М.: Медицина, 2007: 679–80. [Volkova M.A. Klinicheskaya onkogematologiya: Rukovodstvo dlya vrachey, 2-e izd (Clinical oncohematology: manual for medical practitioners. 2nd ed.). M.: Meditsina, 2007: 679–80.]
  9. Bleyer A., Viny A., Barr R. Cancer in 15- to 29-year-olds by primary site. Oncologist 2006; 11(6): 590–601.
  10. Armitage J.O. Early-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363(7): 653–62.
  11. Hewitt M.W. Childhood Cancer survivorship: improving care and quality of life. Washington DC: The National Academy Press, 2003.
  12. Пивник А.В., Растригин Н.А., Моисеева Т.Н. и др. Результаты лечения лимфогранулематоза по протоколу МОРР-АВVD в сочетании с лучевой терапией (десятилетнее наблюдение). Тер. арх. 2006; 8: 57–62. [Pivnik A.V., Rastrigin N.A., Moiseyeva T.N. i dr. Rezultaty lecheniya limfogranulematoza po protokolu MORR-AVVD v sochetanii s luchevoy terapiyey (desyatiletneye nablyudeniye) (Outcomes of Hodgkin’s disease treated according to МОРР-АВVD protocol in combination with radiotherapy (10-year observations)). Ter. arkh. 2006; 8: 57–62.]
  13. Donaldson S.S., Link M.P. Combined modality treatment with low-dose radiation and MOPP chemotherapy for children with Hodgkin’s disease. J. Clin. Oncol. 1987; 5(5): 742–9.
  14. Куприна И.В. Состояние щитовидной железы и особенности липид- ного обмена у больных лимфогранулематозом молодого и среднего возраста после комбинированной химиолучевой терапии: Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 2008.
  15. Kuprina I.V. Sostoyaniye shchitovidnoy zhelezy i osobennosti lipidnogo obmena u bolnykh limfogranulematozom molodogo i srednego vozrasta posle kombinirovannoy khimioluchevoy terapii: Avtoref. dis. … kand. med. nauk (State¼: of thyroid gland and lipid metabolism in young and middle-aged patients with Hodgkin’s disease after combination chemoradiotherapy. Author’s summary of dissertation for the degree of PHD). M., 2008.
  16. Насибов О.М. Фиброз легких, кардиопатии и вторичные опухоли у канд.¼лиц в длительной ремиссии лимфогранулематоза: Автореф. дис. мед. наук. М., 2000. [Nasibov O.M. Fibroz legkikh, kardiopatii i vtorichnye opukholi u lits v dlitelnoy remissii limfogranulematoza: Avtoref. dis. … kand. med. nauk (Pulmonary fibrosis, cardiopathies and secondary tumors during Hodgkin’s disease in long remission. Author’s summary of dissertation for the degree of PHD). M., 2000.]
  17. Шилин Д.Е., Пивник А.В., Расстригин Н.А., Игнашина Е.В., Марголин О.В. Профилактика репродуктивных нарушений, возникающих в процессе химиотерапии у женщин детородного возраста, страдающих болезнью Ходжкина. Тер. арх. 1998; 7: 49–53. [Shilin D.Ye., Pivnik A.V., Rasstrigin N.A., Ignashina Ye.V., Margolin O.V. Profilaktika reproduktivnykh narusheniy, voznikayushchikh v protsesse khimioterapii u zhenshchin detorodnogo vozrasta, stradayushchikh boleznyu Khodzhkina (Prevention of chemotherapy-related reproductive disorders in women of reproductive age with Hodgkin’s disease). Ter. arkh. 1998; 7: 49–53.]
  18. Schrader M., Muller M., Straub B., Miller K. The impact of chemotherapy on male fertility: a survey of the biologic basis and clinical aspects. Reprod. Toxicol. 2001; 15(6): 611–7.
  19. Myrehaug S., Pintilie M., Yun L. et al. A population-based study of cardiac morbidity among Hodgkin lymphoma patients with preexisting heart disease. Blood 2010; 116(13): 2237–40.
  20. Meistrich M.L., Vassilopoulou-Sellin R., Lipshultz L.I. Adverse effects of treatment: gonadal dysfunction, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
  21. Tilmann C., Capel B. Cellular and molecular pathways regulating mammalian sex determination. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 2002; 57: 1–18.
  22. Bendel-Stenzel M., Anderson R., Heasman J., Wylie C. The origin and migration of primordial germ cells in the mouse. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 1998; 9(4): 393–400.
  23. Meachem S., von Schonfeldt V., Schlatt S. Spermatogonia: stem cells with a great perspective. Reproduction 2001; 121(6): 825–34.
  24. Nieschlag E., Behre H. Andrology. Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction, 3d ed. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2010: 35–6.
  25. Chuma S., Kanatsu-Shinohara M., Inoue K. et al. Spermatogenesis from epiblast and primordial germ cells following transplantation into postnatal mouse testis. Development 2005; 132(1): 117–22.
  26. Nayernia K., Drabent B., Meinhardt A. et al. Triple knockouts reveal gene interactions affecting fertility of male mice. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2005; 70(4): 406–16.
  27. Creemers L.B., den Ouden K., van Pelt A.M., de Rooij D.G. Maintenance of adult mouse type A spermatogonia in vitro: influence of serum and growth factors and comparison with prepubertal spermatogonial cell culture. Reproduction 2002; 124(6): 791–9.
  28. Feng L., Chen Y., Dettin L. et al. Generation and in vitro differentiation of a spermatogonial cell line. Science 2002; 297(5580): 392–5.
  29. Geijsen N., Horoschak M., Kim K. et al. Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells. Nature 2004; 427(6970): 148–54.
  30. Nagano M., Shinohara T., Avarbock M., Brinster R. Retrovirus-mediated gene delivery into male germ line stem cells. FEBS Lett. 2000; 475(1): 7–10.
  31. van Pelt A.M., Roepers-Gajadien H.L., Gademan I.S., Creemers L.B., de Rooij D.G. Establishment of cell lines with rat spermatogonial stem cell characteristics. Endocrinology 2002; 143(5): 1845–50.
  32. Clermont Y., Antar M. Duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the spermatogonial renewal in the monkey Macaca arctoides. Am. J. Anat. 1973; 136(2): 153–65.
  33. Fouquet J.P., Dadoune J.P. Renewal of spermatogonia in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Biol. Reprod. 1986; 35(1): 199–207.
  34. Hermann B., Sukhwani M., Simorangkir D., Chu T., Orwig K. Molecular dissection of the male germ cell lineage identifies putative spermatogonial stem cells in rhesus macaques. Hum. Reprod. 2009; 24(7): 1704–16.
  35. Kluin P.M., Kramer M.F., de Rooij D.G. Testicular development in Macaca virus after birth. Int. J. Androl. 1983; 6(1): 25–43.
  36. Zhengwei Y., McLachlan R., Bremner W., Wreford N. Quantitative (stereological) study of the normal spermatogenesis in the adult monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J. Androl. 1997; 18(6): 681–7.
  37. de Rooij D.G. The spermatogonial stem cell niche. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009; 72(8): 580–5.
  38. Dettin L., Ravindranath N., Hofmann M., Dym M. Morphological characterization of the spermatogonial subtypes in the neonatal mouse testis. Biol. Reprod. 2003; 69(5): 1565–71.
  39. Jahnukainen K., Ehmcke J., Soder O., Schlatt S. Clinical potential and putative risks of fertility preservation in children utilizing gonadal tissue or germline stem cells. Pediatr. Res. 2006; 59(4 Pt. 2): 40R–7R.
  40. Nieschlag E., Behre H. Andrology. Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction, 3d ed. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2010: 16–7.
  41. Allenby G., Foster P.M., Sharpe R.M. Evidence that secretion of immunoactive inhibin by seminiferous tubules from the adult rat testis is regulated by specific germ cell types: correlation between in vivo and in vitro studies. Endocrinology 1991; 128(1): 467–76.
  42. Pineau C., Sharpe R.M., Saunders P.T., Gerard N., Jegou B. Regulation of Sertoli cell inhibin production and of inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA levels by specific germ cell types. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 1990; 72(1): 13–22.
  43. Нишлаг Э., Бере Г. Андрология. Мужское здоровье и дисфункция репродуктивной системы, 2-е изд. М.: МИА, 2005: 40–1. [Nishlag E., Bere G. Andrologiya. Muzhskoye zdorovye i disfunktsiya reproduktivnoy sistemy, 2-e izd (Andrology. Men’s health and reproductive system dysfunctions. 2nd ed.). M.: MIA, 2005: 40–1.]
  44. Chung K., Irani J., Knee G. et al. Sperm cryopreservation for male patients with cancer: an epidemiological analysis at the University of Pennsylvania. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2004; 113(Suppl. 1): S7–11.
  45. Williams D., Karpman E., Sander J., Spiess P., Pisters L. Pretreatment semen parameters in men with cancer. J. Urol. 2009; 181(2): 736–40.
  46. Bahadur G., Ozturk O., Muneer A. et al. Semen quality before and after gonadotoxic treatment. Hum. Reprod. 2005; 20(3): 774–81.
  47. Gandini L., Lombardo F., Salacone P. et al. Testicular cancer and Hodgkin’s disease: evaluation of semen quality. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18(4): 796–801.
  48. Rofeim O., Gilbert B. Normal semen parameters in cancer patients presenting for cryopreservation before gonadotoxic therapy. Fertil. Steril. 2004; 82(2): 505–6.
  49. Rueffer U., Breuer K., Josting A. et al. Male gonadal dysfunction in patients with Hodgkin’s disease prior to treatment. Ann. Oncol. 2001; 12(9): 1307–11.
  50. van der Kaaij M., Heutte N., van Echten-Arends J. et al. Sperm quality before treatment in patients with early stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma enrolled in EORTC-GELA Lymphoma Group trials. Haematologica 2009; 94(12): 1691–7.
  51. Marmor D., Elefant E., Dauchez C., Roux C. Semen analysis in Hodgkin’s disease before the onset of treatment. Cancer 1986; 57(10): 1986–7.
  52. Padron O.F., Sharma R.K., Thomas A.J. Jr., Agarwal A. Effects of cancer on spermatozoa quality after cryopreservation: a 12-year experience. Fertil. Steril. 1997; 67(2): 326–31.
  53. Viviani S., Ragni G., Santoro A. et al. Testicular dysfunction in Hodgkin’s disease before and after treatment. Eur. J. Cancer 1991; 27(11): 1389–92.
  54. Barr R.D., Clark D.A., Booth J.D. Dyspermia in men with localized Hodgkin’s disease. A potentially reversible, immune-mediated disorder. Med. Hypotheses 1993; 40(3): 165–8.
  55. Buch J.P., Kolon T.F., Maulik N., Kreutzer D.L., Das D.K. Cytokines stimulate lipid membrane peroxidation of human sperm. Fertil. Steril. 1994; 62(1): 186–8.
  56. Dousset B., Hussenet F., Daudin M., Bujan L., Foliguet B. Seminal cytokine concentrations (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, sR IL-2, sR IL-6), semen parameters and blood hormonal status in male infertility. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12(7): 1476–9.
  57. Fedder J., Ellerman-Eriksen S. Effect of cytokines on sperm motility and ionophore-stimulated acrosome reaction. Arch. Androl. 1995; 35(3): 173–85.
  58. Gruschwitz M.S., Brezinschek R., Brezinschek H.P. Cytokine levels in the seminal plasma of infertile males. J. Androl. 1996; 17(2): 158–63.
  59. Huleihel M., Lunenfeld E., Levy A., Potashnik G., Glezerman M. Distinct expression levels of cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men. Fertil. Steril. 1996; 66(1): 135–9.
  60. Schulte H.M., Bamberger C.M., Elsen H., Herrmann G., Bamberger A.M. Systemic interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-2 secretion in response to acute stress and to corticotropin-releasing hormone in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 24(11): 773–7.
  61. Shimonovitz S., Barak V., Zacut D., Ever-Hadani P., Ben C.A. High concentration of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in ejaculate with low sperm motility. Hum. Reprod. 1994; 9(4): 653–5.
  62. Agarwal A., Allamaneni S.S. Disruption of spermatogenesis by the cancer disease process. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2005; 34: 9–12.
  63. Ho G.T., Gardner H., De Wolf W.C, Loughlin K.R., Morgentaler A. Influence of testicular carcinoma on ipsilateral spermatogenesis. J. Urol. 1992; 148(3): 821–5.
  64. Skakkebaek N.E., Jorgensen N., Main K.M. et al. Is human fecundity declining? Int. J. Androl. 2006; 29(1): 2–11.
  65. Spitz S. The histological effects of nitrogen mustards on human tumors and tissues. Cancer 1948; 1(3): 383–98.
  66. Magelssen H., Brydoy M., Fossa S.D. The effects of cancer and cancer treatments on male reproductive function. Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol. 2006; 3(6): 312–22.
  67. Trottmann M., Becker A.J., Stadler T. et al. Semen quality in men with malignant diseases before and after therapy and the role of cryopreservation. Eur. Urol. 2007; 52(2): 355–67.
  68. Meistrich M.L., Finch M., da Cunha M.F., Hacker U., Au W.W. Damaging effects of fourteen chemotherapeutic drugs on mouse testis cells. Cancer Res. 1982; 42(1): 122–31.
  69. Dejaco C., Mittermaier C., Reinisch W. et al. Azathioprine treatment and male fertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2001; 121(5): 1048–53.
  70. Abu-Baker S.O. Gemcitabine impacts histological structure of mice testis and embryonic organs. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2009; 12(8): 607–15.
  71. Savkovic N., Green S., Pecevski J., Maric N. The effect of mitomycin on the fertility and the induction of meiotic chromosome rearrangements in mice and their first generation progeny. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1977; 19(3): 387–93.
  72. Colpi G.M., Contalbi G.F., Nerva F., Sagone P., Piediferro G. Testicular function following chemo-radiotherapy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2004; 113(Suppl. 1): S2–6.
  73. Kirchhoff C. CD52 is the ‘major maturation-associated’ sperm membrane antigen. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 2(1): 9–17.
  74. Vogel E.W., Nivard M.J. International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. The subtlety of alkylating agents in reactions with biological macromolecules. Mutat. Res. 1994; 305(1): 13–32.
  75. Vogel E.W., Barbin A., Nivard M.J., Bartsch H. Nucleophilic selectivity of alkylating agents and their hypermutability in Drosophila as predictors of carcinogenic potency in rodents. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11(12): 2211–7.
  76. Angerer J., Ewers U., Wilhelm M. Human biomonitoring: state of the art. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007; 210(3–4): 201–28.
  77. Ehrenberg L. Covalent binding of genotoxic agents to proteins and nucleic acids. IARC Sci. Publ. 1984; 59: 107–14.
  78. Волкова М.А. Клиническая онкогематология: Руководство для врачей, 2-е изд. М.: Медицина, 2007: 699–700.  [Volkova M.A. Klinicheskaya onkogematologiya: Rukovodstvo dlya vrachey, 2-e izd. (Clinical oncohematology: manual for medical practitioners. 2nd ed.). M.: Meditsina, 2007: 699–700.]
  79. Sanders J.E., Hawley J., Levy W. et al. Pregnancies following high-dose cyclophosphamide with or without high-dose busulfan or total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1996; 87(7): 3045–52.
  80. Marina S., Barcelo P. Permanent sterility after immunosuppressive therapy. Intern. J. Androl. 1979; 2: 6–13.
  81. Buchanan J.D., Fairley K.F., Barrie J.U. Return of spermatogenesis after stopping cyclophosphamide therapy. Lancet 1975; 2(7926): 156–7.
  82. da Cunha M.F., Meistrich M.L., Fuller L.M. et al. Recovery of spermatogenesis after treatment for Hodgkin’s disease: limiting dose of MOPP chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 1984; 2(6): 571–7.
  83. Jacob A., Barker H., Goodman A., Holmes J. Recovery of spermatogenesis following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998; 22(3): 277–9.
  84. Hansen P.V., Trykker H., Helkjoer P.E., Andersen J. Testicular function in patients with testicular cancer treated with orchiectomy alone or orchiectomy plus cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1989; 81(16): 1246–50.
  85. Ahmed S.R., Shalet S.M., Campbell R.H., Deakin D.P. Primary gonadal damage following treatment of brain tumors in childhood. J. Pediatr. 1983; 103(4): 562–5.
  86. Kulkarni S.S., Sastry P.S., Saikia T.K., Parikh P.M., Gopal R. Gonadal function following ABVD therapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997; 20(4): 354–7.
  87. Radford J.A., Clark S., Crowther D., Shalet S.M. Male fertility after VAPECB chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br. J. Cancer 1994; 69: 379–81.
  88. Sieniawski M., Reineke T., Josting A. et al. Assessment of male fertility in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated in the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) clinical trials. Ann. Oncol. 2008; 19(10): 1795–801.
  89. Hobbie W.L., Ginsberg J.P., Ogle S.K., Carlson C.A., Meadows A.T. Fertility in males treated for Hodgkins disease with COPP/ABV hybrid. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2005; 44(2): 193–6.
  90. Marmor D., Duyck F. Male reproductive potential after MOPP therapy for Hodgkin’s disease: a long-term survey. Andrologia 1995; 27(2): 99–106.
  91. Whitehead E., Shalet S.M., Blackledge G., Todd I., Crowther D. The effects of Hodgkin’s disease and combination chemotherapy on gonadal function in the adult male. Cancer 1982; 49(3): 418–22.
  92. Viviani S., Santoro A., Ragni G., Bonfante V., Bonadonna G. Gonadal toxicity after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Comparative results of MOPP vs ABVD. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1985; 21(5): 601–5.
  93. Anselmo A.P., Cartoni C., Bellantuono P., Maurizi-Enrici R., Aboulkair N. Risk of infertility in patients with Hodgkin’s disease treated with ABVD vs MOPP vs ABVD/MOPP. Haematologica 1990; 75(2): 155–8.
  94. Shafford E.A., Kingston J.E., Malpas J.S. et al. Testicular function following the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease in childhood. Br. J. Cancer 1993; 68(6): 1199–204.
  95. Charak B.S., Gupta R., Mandrekar P. et al. Testicular dysfunction after cyclophosphamide-vincristine-procarbazine-prednisolone chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin’s disease. A long-term follow-up study. Cancer 1990; 65(9): 1903–6.
  96. Puscheck E., Philip P.A., Jeyendran R.S. Male fertility preservation and cancer treatment. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2004; 30(2): 173–80.
  97. Chapman R.M., Sutcliffe S.B., Rees L.H., Edwards C.R., Malpas J.S. Cyclical combination chemotherapy and gonadal function. Retrospective study in males. Lancet 1979; 1(8111): 285–9.
  98. Brougham M.F., Kelnar C.J., Sharpe R.M., Wallace W.H. Male fertility following childhood cancer: current concepts and future therapies. Asian J. Androl. 2003; 5(4): 325–37.
  99. Thomson A.B., Critchley H.O., Kelnar C.J., Wallace W.H. Late reproductive sequelae following treatment of childhood cancer and options for fertility preservation. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 16(2): 311–34.
  100. Viviani S., Bonfante V., Santoro A. et al. Long-term results of an intensive regimen: VEBEP plus involved-field radiotherapy in advanced Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 1999; 5(5): 275–82.
  101. Sieniawski M., Reineke T., Nogova L. et al. Fertility in male patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma treated with BEACOPP: a report of the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). Blood 2008; 111(1): 71–6.
  102. Ferme C., Bastion Y., Lepage E. et al. The MINE regimen as intensive salvage chemotherapy for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin’s disease. Ann. Oncol. 1995; 6(6): 543–9.
  103. Bartlett N.L., Niedzwiecki D., Johnson J.L. et al. Gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (GVD), a salvage regimen in relapsed Hodgkin’s lymphoma: CALGB 59804. Ann. Oncol. 2007; 18(6): 1071–9.
  104. Hansen P.V., Trykker H., Svennekjaer I.L., Hvolby J. Long-term recovery of spermatogenesis after radiotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 1990; 18(2): 117–25.
  105. Meistrich M.L. Quantitative Correlation Between Testicular Stem Cell Survival, Sperm Production, and Fertility in the Mouse After Treatment With Different Cytotoxic Agents. J. Androl. 1982; 3(1): 58–68.
  106. van Alphen M.M., van de Kant H.J., de Rooij D.G. Repopulation of the seminiferous epithelium of the rhesus monkey after Х irradiation. Radiat. Res. 1988; 113(3): 487–500.
  107. Zhang Z., Shao S., Meistrich M.L. The radiation-induced block in spermatogonial differentiation is due to damage to the somatic environment, not the germ cells. J. Cell Physiol. 2007; 211(1): 149–58.
  108. Anserini P., Chiodi S., Spinelli S. et al. Semen analysis following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Additional data for evidence-based counselling. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002; 30(7): 447–51.
  109. Hahn E.W., Feingold S.M., Simpson L., Batata M. Recovery from aspermia induced by low-dose radiation in seminoma patients. Cancer 1982; 50(2): 337–40.
  110. Bonadonna G., Santoro A., Viviani S., Lombardi C., Ragni G. Gonadal damage in Hodgkin’s disease from cancer chemotherapeutic regimens. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1984; 7: 140–5.
  111. Muller H.L., Klinkhammer-Schalke M., Seelbach-Gobel B., Hartmann A.A., Kuhl J. Gonadal function of young adults after therapy of malignancies during childhood or adolescence. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1996; 155(9): 763–9.
  112. Tal R., Botchan A., Hauser R., Yogev L., Paz G. Follow-up of sperm concentration and motility in patients with lymphoma. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15(9): 1985–8.
  113. van Dorp W., van Beek R.D., Laven J.S., Pieters R., de Muinck KeizerSchrama S.M. Long-term endocrine side effects of childhood Hodgkin’s lymphoma treatment: a review. Hum. Reprod. Update 2012; 18(1): 12–28.
  114. Heikens J., Behrendt H., Adriaanse R., Berghout A. Irreversible gonadal damage in male survivors of pediatric Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 1996; 78(9): 2020–4.
  115. Aubier F., Flamant F., Brauner R., Caillaud J.M., Chaussain J.M. Male gonadal function after chemotherapy for solid tumors in childhood. J. Clin. Oncol. 1989; 7(3): 304–9.
  116. Ben Arush M.W., Solt I., Lightman A., Linn S., Kuten A. Male gonadal function in survivors of childhood Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 2000; 17(3): 239–45.
  117. Dhabhar B.N., Malhotra H., Joseph R. et al. Gonadal function in prepubertal boys following treatment for Hodgkin’s disease. Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 1993; 15(3): 306–10.
  118. Sherins R.J., Olweny C.L., Ziegler J.L. Gynecomastia and gonadal dysfunction in adolescent boys treated with combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1978; 299(1): 12–6.
  119. Green D.M., Brecher M.L., Lindsay A.N. et al. Gonadal function in pediatric patients following treatment for Hodgkin disease. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1981; 9(3): 235–44.
  120. Ash P. The influence of radiation on fertility in man. Br. J. Radiol. 1980; 53(628): 271–8.
  121. Lee S.J., Schover L.R., Partridge A.H. et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on fertility preservation in cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006; 24(18): 2917–31.
  122. Kinsella T.J., Trivette G., Rowland J. et al. Long-term follow-up of testicular function following radiation therapy for early-stage Hodgkin’s disease. J. Clin. Oncol. 1989; 7(6): 718–24.
  123. Rowley M.J., Leach D.R., Warner G.A., Heller C.G. Effect of graded doses of ionizing radiation on the human testis. Radiat. Res. 1974; 59(3): 665–78.
  124. Howell S.J., Shalet S.M. Spermatogenesis after cancer treatment: damage and recovery. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2005; 34: 12–7.
  125. Giwercman A., von der Maase H., Berthelsen J.G., Rorth M., Skakkebaek N.E. Localized irradiation of testes with carcinoma in situ: effects on Leydig cell function and eradication of malignant germ cells in 20 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1991; 73(3): 596–603.
  126. Hahn E.W., Feingold S.M., Nisce L. Aspermia and recovery of spermatogenesis in cancer patients following incidental gonadal irradiation during treatment: a progress report. Radiology 1976; 119(1): 223–5.
  127. Socie G., Salooja N., Cohen A. et al. Nonmalignant late effects after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2003; 101(9): 3373–85.
  128. Howell S.J., Radford J.A., Ryder W.D., Shalet S.M. Testicular function after cytotoxic chemotherapy: evidence of Leydig cell insufficiency. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999; 17(5): 1493–8.
  129. Petersen P.M., Andersson A.M., Rorth M., Daugaard G., Skakkebaek N.E. Undetectable inhibin B serum levels in men after testicular irradiation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84(1): 213–5.
  130. Нишлаг Э., Бере Г.М. Андрология. Мужское здоровье и дисфункция репродуктивной системы, 2-е изд. М.: МИА, 2005: 32–4.
  131. [Nishlag E., Bere G.M. Andrologiya. Muzhskoye zdorovye i disfunktsiya reproduktivnoy sistemy, 2-e izd. (Andrology. Men’s health and reproductive system dysfunctions. 2nd ed.). M.: MIA, 2005: 32–4.]
  132. Bohring C., Krause W. Serum levels of inhibin B in men with different causes of spermatogenic failure. Andrologia 1999; 31(3): 137–41.
  133. van Beek R.D., Smit M., van den Heuvel-Eibrink M.M. et al. Inhibin B is superior to FSH as a serum marker for spermatogenesis in men treated for Hodgkin’s lymphoma with chemotherapy during childhood. Hum. Reprod. 2007; 22(12): 3215–22.
  134. Halder A., Fauzdar A., Kumar A. Serum inhibin B and follicle-stimulating hormone levels as markers in the evaluation of azoospermic men: a comparison. Andrologia 2005; 37(5): 173–9.
  135. Carreau S. Paracrine control of human Leydig cell and Sertoli cell functions. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 1996; 34(3–4): 111–9.
  136. Huhtaniemi I., Toppari J. Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulation of testicular steroidogenesis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1995; 377: 33–54.
  137. Castillo L.A., Craft A.W., Kernahan J., Evans R.G., Aynsley-Green A. Gonadal function after 12-Gy testicular irradiation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1990; 18(3): 185–9.
  138. Hobbie W.L., Schwartz C.L. Endocrine late effects among survivors of cancer. Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 1989; 5(1): 14–21.
  139. Shalet S.M., Horner A., Ahmed S.R., Morris-Jones P.H. Leydig cell damage after testicular irradiation for lymphoblastic leukaemia. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1985; 13(2): 65–8.
  140. Orwig K.E., Schlatt S. Cryopreservation and transplantation of spermatogonia and testicular tissue for preservation of male fertility. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2005; 34: 51–6.
  141. Res U., Res P., Kastelic D., Stanovnik M., Kmetec A. Birth after treatment of a male with seminoma and azoospermia with cryopreserved-thawed testicular tissue. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15(4): 861–4.
  142. Dohle G.R., Colpi G.M., Hargreave T.B., Papp G.K., Jungwirth A. EAU guidelines on male infertility. Eur. Urol. 2005; 48(5): 703–11.
  143. Hirsch M., Lunenfeld B., Modan M., Ovadia J., Shemesh J. Spermarche the age of onset of sperm emission. J. Adolesc. Health Care 1985; 6(1): 35–9.
  144. Nielsen C.T., Skakkebaek N.E., Richardson D.W. et al. Onset of the release of spermatozoa (spermarche) in boys in relation to age, testicular growth, pubic hair, and height. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986; 62(3): 532–5.
  145. Kamischke A., Jurgens H., Hertle L., Berdel W.E., Nieschlag E. Cryopreservation of sperm from adolescents and adults with malignancies. J. Androl. 2004; 25(4): 586–92.
  146. Hagenas I., Jorgensen N., Rechnitzer C. et al. Clinical and biochemical correlates of successful semen collection for cryopreservation from 12–18-yearold patients: a single-center study of 86 adolescents. Hum. Reprod. 2010; 25(8): 2031–8.
  147. Bahadur G., Ling K.L., Hart R. et al. Semen quality and cryopreservation in adolescent cancer patients. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17(12): 3157–61.
  148. Naysmith T.E., Blake D.A., Harvey V.J., Johnson N.P. Do men undergoing sterilizing cancer treatments have a fertile future? Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13(11): 3250–5.
  149. Park Y.S., Lee S.H., Song S.J., Jun J.H., Koong M.K. Influence of motility on the outcome of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection with fresh vs. frozen testicular sperm from men with obstructive azoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 80(3): 526–30.
  150. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa. Laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization press, 2010: 169–71.
  151. Perloff W.H., Steinberger E., Sherman J.K. Conception with human spermatozoa frosen by nirogen vapor technic. Fertil. Steril. 1964; 15: 501–4.
  152. David G., Czyglik F., Mayaux M.J., Schwartz D. The success of A.I.D. and semen characteristics: study on 1489 cycles and 192 ejaculates. Int. J. Androl. 1980; 3(6): 613–9.
  153. Clarke G.N., Bourne H., Hill P. et al. Artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization using donor spermatozoa: a report on 15 years of experience. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12(4): 722–6.
  154. Leibo S.P., Picton H.M., Gosden R.G. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. In: Current Practices and Controversies in Assisted Reproduction. Ed. by E. Vayena, P.J. Rowe et al. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002: 152–65.
  155. Keel B.A., Webster B.W. Semen analysis data from fresh and cryopreserved donor ejaculates: comparison of cryoprotectants and pregnancy rates. Fertil. Steril. 1989; 52(1): 100–5.
  156. Watson P.F. Recent developments and concepts in the cryopreservation of spermatozoa and the assessment of their post-thawing function. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1995; 7(4): 871–91.
  157. Bagchi A., Woods E.J., Critser J.K. Cryopreservation and vitrification: recent advances in fertility preservation technologies. Expert. Rev. Med. Devices 2008; 5(3): 359–70.
  158. Sherman G.K. Cryopreservation of human semen. In: Handbook of Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, 1st ed. Ed. by D.F. Keel, B.W. Webster. CRC-Press, 1990: 229–59.
  159. Vutyavanich T., Piromlertamorn W., Nunta S. Rapid freezing versus slow programmable freezing of human spermatozoa. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 93(6): 1921–8.
  160. Zribi N., Feki C.N., El E.H., Gargouri J., Bahloul A. Effects of cryopreservation on human sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 93(1): 159–66.
  161. O’Flaherty C., Hales B.F., Chan P., Robaire B. Impact of chemotherapeutics and advanced testicular cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma on sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 94(4): 1374–9.
  162. Woods E.J., Benson J.D., Agca Y., Critser J.K. Fundamental cryobiology of reproductive cells and tissues. Cryobiology 2004; 48(2): 146–56.
  163. Shin D., Lo K.C., Lipshultz L.I. Treatment options for the infertile male with cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2005; 34: 48–50.
  164. Meistrich M.L. Male gonadal toxicity. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2009; 53(2): 261–6. 163. Feldschuh J., Brassel J., Durso N., Levine A. Successful sperm storage for 28 years. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 84(4): 1017.
  165. Horne G., Atkinson A.D., Pease E.H., Logue J.P., Brison D.R. Live birth with sperm cryopreserved for 21 years prior to cancer treatment: case report. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19(6): 1448–9.
  166. Clarke G.N., Liu D.Y., Baker H.W. Recovery of human sperm motility and ability to interact with the human zona pellucida after more than 28 years of storage in liquid nitrogen. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 86(3): 721–2.
  167. Agarwal A., Ranganathan P., Kattal N. et al. Fertility after cancer: a prospective review of assisted reproductive outcome with banked semen specimens. Fertil. Steril. 2004; 81(2): 342–8.
  168. Saito K., Suzuki K., Iwasaki A., Yumura Y., Kubota Y. Sperm cryopreservation before cancer chemotherapy helps in the emotional battle against cancer. Cancer 2005; 104(3): 521–4.
  169. Schover L.R., Brey K., Lichtin A., Lipshultz L.I., Jeha S. Knowledge and experience regarding cancer, infertility, and sperm banking in younger male survivors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002; 20(7): 1880–9.
  170. Janssens P.M., Beerendonk C.C., Blokzijl E., Braat D.D., Westphal J.R. Cryopreservation of semen of adolescents and young adult men with cancer. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 2004; 148(40): 1981–4.
  171. Brinster R.L., Nagano M. Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation, cryopreservation and culture. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 1998; 9(4): 401–9.
  172. Nagano M., Patrizio P., Brinster R.L. Long-term survival of human spermatogonial stem cells in mouse testes. Fertil. Steril. 2002; 78(6): 1225–33.
  173. Avarbock M.R., Brinster C.J., Brinster R.L. Reconstitution of spermatogenesis from frozen spermatogonial stem cells. Nat. Med. 1996; 2(6): 693–6.
  174. Brook P.F., Radford J.A., Shalet S.M., Joyce A.D., Gosden R.G. Isolation of germ cells from human testicular tissue for low temperature storage and autotransplantation. Fertil. Steril. 2001; 75(2): 269–74.
  175. Keros V., Rosenlund B., Hultenby K., Aghajanova L., Levkov L. Optimizing cryopreservation of human testicular tissue: comparison of protocols with glycerol, propanediol and dimethylsulphoxide as cryoprotectants. Hum. Reprod. 2005; 20(6): 1676–87.
  176. Kvist K., Thorup J., Byskov A.G., Hoyer P.E., Mollgard K. Cryopreservation of intact testicular tissue from boys with cryptorchidism. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21(2): 484–91.
  177. Radford J., Shalet S., Lieberman B. Fertility after treatment for cancer. Questions remain over ways of preserving ovarian and testicular tissue. BMJ 1999; 319(7215): 935–6.
  178. Radford J. Restoration of fertility after treatment for cancer. Horm. Res. 2003; 59(Suppl. 1): 21–3.
  179. Schlatt S., Rosiepen G., Weinbauer G.F., Rolf C., Nieschlag E. Germ cell transfer into rat, bovine, monkey and human testes. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14(1): 144–50.
  180. Toyooka Y., Tsunekawa N., Akasu R., Noce T. Embryonic stem cells can form germ cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003; 100(20): 11457–62.
  181. Yang S., Bo J., Hu H. et al. Derivation of male germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro and in reconstituted seminiferous tubules. Cell Prolif. 2012; 45(2): 91–100.
  182. Honaramooz A., Snedaker A., Boiani M., Dobrinski I., Schlatt S. Sperm from neonatal mammalian testes grafted in mice. Nature 2002; 418(6899): 778–81.
  183. Honaramooz A., Li M.W., Penedo M.C., Meyers S., Dobrinski I. Accelerated maturation of primate testis by xenografting into mice. Biol. Reprod. 2004; 70(5): 1500–3.
  184. Ma P., Ge Y., Wang S., Ma J., Xue S. Spermatogenesis following syngeneic testicular transplantation in Balb/c mice. Reproduction 2004; 128(2): 163–70.
  185. Oatley J.M., de Avila D.M., Reeves J.J., McLean D.J. Spermatogenesis and germ cell transgene expression in xenografted bovine testicular tissue. Biol. Reprod. 2004; 71(2): 494–501.
  186. Schlatt S., Kim S.S., Gosden R. Spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in mouse, hamster and monkey testicular tissue after cryopreservation and heterotopic grafting to castrated hosts. Reproduction 2002; 124(3): 339–46.
  187. Schlatt S., Honaramooz A., Boiani M., Scholer H.R., Dobrinski I. Progeny from sperm obtained after ectopic grafting of neonatal mouse testes. Biol. Reprod. 2003; 68(6): 2331–5.
  188. Shinohara T., Inoue K., Ogonuki N. et al. Birth of offspring following transplantation of cryopreserved immature testicular pieces and in-vitro microinsemination. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17(12): 3039–45.
  189. Shinohara T., Orwig K.E., Avarbock M.R., Brinster R.L. Remodeling of the postnatal mouse testis is accompanied by dramatic changes in stem cell number and niche accessibility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001; 98(11): 6186–91.
  190. Ryu B.Y., Orwig K.E., Avarbock M.R., Brinster R.L. Stem cell and niche development in the postnatal rat testis. Dev. Biol. 2003; 263(2): 253–63.
  191. Jahnukainen K., Hou M., Petersen C., Setchell B., Soder O. Intratesticular transplantation of testicular cells from leukemic rats causes transmission of leukemia. Cancer Res. 2001; 61(2): 706–10.
  192. Gui Y.L., He C.H., Amory J.K. et al. Male hormonal contraception: suppression of spermatogenesis by injectable testosterone undecanoate alone or with levonorgestrel implants in Chinese men. J. Androl. 2004; 25(5): 720–7.
  193. Nieschlag E., Vorona E., Wenk M., Hemker A.K., Kamischke A. Hormonal male contraception in men with normal and subnormal semen parameters. Int. J. Androl. 2011; 34(6 Pt. 1): 556–67.
  194. Meistrich M.L., Zhang Z., Porter K.L. Prevention of adverse effects of cancer treatment on the germline. In: Male-mediated developmental toxicity. Ed. by D. Anderson, M.H. Brinkworth. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007: 114–23.
  195. Dobrinski I., Ogawa T., Avarbock M.R., Brinster R.L. Effect of the GnRHagonist leuprolide on colonization of recipient testes by donor spermatogonial stem cells after transplantation in mice. Tissue Cell 2001; 33(2): 200–7.
  196. Meistrich M.L., Shetty G. Inhibition of spermatogonial differentiation by testosterone. J. Androl. 2003; 24(2): 135–48.
  197. Meistrich M.L., Shetty G. Hormonal suppression for fertility preservation in males and females. Reproduction 2008; 136(6): 691–701.
  198. Shetty G., Meistrich M.L. Hormonal approaches to preservation and restoration of male fertility after cancer treatment. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2005; 34: 36–9.
  199. Howell S.J., Shalet S.M. Fertility preservation and management of gonadal failure associated with lymphoma therapy. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 2002; 4(5): 443–52.
  200. Meseguer M., Garrido N., Remohi J. et al. Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and ICSI in patients with permanent azoospermia after chemotherapy. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18(6): 1281–5.
  201. Binsaleh S., Sircar K., Chan P.T. Feasibility of simultaneous testicular microdissection for sperm retrieval and ipsilateral testicular tumor resection in azoospermic men. J. Androl. 2004; 25(6): 867–71.
  202. Baniel J., Sella A. Sperm extraction at orchiectomy for testis cancer. Fertil. Steril. 2001; 75(2): 260–2.
  203. Schrader M., Muller M., Sofikitis N. et al. “Onco-tese”: testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic cancer patients before chemotherapy-new guidelines? Urology 2003; 61(2): 421–5.
  204. Chan P.T., Palermo G.D., Veeck L.L., Rosenwaks Z., Schlegel P.N. Testicular sperm extraction combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of men with persistent azoospermia postchemotherapy. Cancer 2001; 92(6): 1632–7.
  205. Damani M.N., Master V., Meng M.V. et al. Postchemotherapy ejaculatory azoospermia: fatherhood with sperm from testis tissue with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002; 20(4): 930–6.
  206. Zorn B., Virant-Klun I., Stanovnik M., Drobnic S., Meden-Vrtovec H. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection by testicular sperm in patients with aspermia or azoospermia after cancer treatment. Int. J. Androl. 2006; 29(5): 521–7.
  207. de Rooij D.G., van de Kant H.J., Dol R. et al. Long-term effects of irradiation before adulthood on reproductive function in the male rhesus monkey. Biol. Reprod. 2002; 66(2): 486–94.
  208. Hibi H., Ohori T., Yamada Y., Honda N., Hashiba Y. Testicular sperm extraction and ICSI in patients with post-chemotherapy non-obstructive azoospermia. Arch. Androl. 2007; 53(2): 63–5.
  209. Wyrobek A.J., Gordon L.A., Burkhart J.G. et al. An evaluation of human sperm as indicators of chemically induced alterations of spermatogenic function. A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat. Res. 1983; 115(1): 73–148.
  210. Robbins W.A., Meistrich M.L., Moore D. et al. Chemotherapy induces transient sex chromosomal and autosomal aneuploidy in human sperm. Nat. Genet. 1997; 16: 74–8.
  211. Frias S., Van H.P., Meistrich M.L. et al. NOVP chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease transiently induces sperm aneuploidies associated with the major clinical aneuploidy syndromes involving chromosomes X, Y, 18, and 21. Cancer Res. 2003; 63(1): 44–51.
  212. Meistrich M.L. Effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on spermatogenesis. Eur. Urol. 1993; 23(1): 136–41.
  213. Wyrobek A.J., Schmid T.E., Marchetti F. Relative susceptibilities of male germ cells to genetic defects induced by cancer chemotherapies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2005; 34: 31–5.
  214. Chatterjee R., Haines G.A., Perera D.M., Goldstone A., Morris I.D. Testicular and sperm DNA damage after treatment with fludarabine for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15(4): 762–6.
  215. Meistrich M.L. Potential genetic risks of using semen collected during chemotherapy. Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8(1): 8–10. 215. Stahl O., Eberhard J., Jepson K. et al. Sperm DNA integrity in testicular cancer patients. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21(12): 3199–205.
  216. Spermon J.R., Ramos L., Wetzels A.M. et al. Sperm integrity pre- and post-chemotherapy in men with testicular germ cell cancer. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21(7): 1781–6.
  217. Dubrova Y.E., Grant G., Chumak A.A., Stezhka V.A., Karakasian A.N. Elevated minisatellite mutation rate in the post-Chernobyl families from Ukraine. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002; 71(4): 801–9.
  218. Brandriff B.F., Meistrich M.L., Gordon L.A., Carrano A.V., Liang J.C. Chromosomal damage in sperm of patients surviving Hodgkin’s disease following MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) therapy with and without radiotherapy. Hum. Genet. 1994; 93(3): 295–9.
  219. Tempest H.G., Ko E., Chan P., Robaire B., Rademaker A. Sperm aneuploidy frequencies analysed before and after chemotherapy in testicular cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23(2): 251–8.
  220. De M.P., Daudin M., Vincent M.C. et al. Increased aneuploidy in spermatozoa from testicular tumour patients after chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16(6): 1204–8.
  221. Winther J.F., Boice J.D. Jr., Mulvihill J.J. et al. Chromosomal abnormalities among offspring of childhood-cancer survivors in Denmark: a populationbased study. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004; 74(6): 1282–5.
  222. Blatt J. Pregnancy outcome in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1999; 33(1): 29–33.
  223. Byrne J., Rasmussen S.A., Steinhorn S.C. et al. Genetic disease in offspring of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1998; 62(1): 45–52.
  224. Dodds L., Marrett L.D., Tomkins D.J., Green B., Sherman G. Casecontrol study of congenital anomalies in children of cancer patients. BMJ 1993; 307(6897): 164–8.
  225. Green D.M., Whitton J.A., Stovall M. et al. Pregnancy outcome of partners of male survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003; 21(4): 716–21.
  226. Kenney L.B., Nicholson H.S., Brasseux C. et al. Birth defects in offspring of adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A Childrens Cancer Group/National Institutes of Health Report. Cancer 1996; 78(1): 169–76.
  227. Meistrich M.L., Byrne J. Genetic disease in offspring of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer treated with potentially mutagenic therapies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002; 70(4): 1069–71.
  228. Senturia Y.D., Peckham C.S. Children fathered by men treated with chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 1990; 26(4): 429–32.
  229. Signorello L.B., Mulvihill J.J., Green D.M. et al. Congenital anomalies in the children of cancer survivors: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(3): 239–45.
  230. Tiemann-Boege I., Navidi W., Grewal R. et al. The observed human sperm mutation frequency cannot explain the achondroplasia paternal age effect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002; 99(23): 14952–7.
  231. Glaser R.L., Broman K.W., Schulman R.L. et al. The paternal-age effect in Apert syndrome is due, in part, to the increased frequency of mutations in sperm. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003; 73(4): 939–47.
  232. Giwercman A. Gonadotoxic cancer treatment in males—a reason for andrological counselling? Radiother. Oncol. 2003; 68(3): 213–5.
  233. Pierik F.H., Dohle G.R., van Muiswinkel J.M., Vreeburg J.T., Weber R.F. Is routine scrotal ultrasound advantageous in infertile men? J. Urol. 1999; 162(5): 1618–20.
  234. Pierik F.H., Van Ginneken A.M., Dohle G.R., Vreeburg J.T., Weber R.F. The advantages of standardized evaluation of male infertility. Int. J. Androl. 2000; 23(6): 340–6.
  235. Wang J., Galil K.A., Setchell B.P. Changes in testicular blood flow and testosterone production during aspermatogenesis after irradiation. J. Endocrinol. 1983; 98(1): 35–46.
  236. Setchell B.P., Galil K.A. Limitations imposed by testicular blood flow on the function of Leydig cells in rats in vivo. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1983; 36(3): 285–93.