Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Malignant Lymphoproliferative Disorders Treated with Ibrutinib

ANTINEOPLASTIC THERAPY COMPLICATIONS , , , , , , ,

EI Emelina, GE Gendlin, IG Nikitin

NI Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117997

For correspondence: Elena Ivanovna Emelina, MD, PhD, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117997; e-mail: eei1210@mail.ru

For citation: Emelina EI, Gendlin GE, Nikitin IG. Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Malignant Lymphoproliferative Disorders Treated with Ibrutinib. Clinical oncohematology. 2019;12(4):449–60 (In Russ).

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2019-12-4-449-460

ABSTRACT

Background. Antithrombotic therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients is challenging, as this category of patients is initially characterized by high risk of hemorrhagic complications. The use of ibrutinib influencing the platelet function constitutes an additional bleeding risk. A crucial task consists in risk minimization of both hemorrhagic complications and thrombosis while sticking to ibrutinib treatment.

Aim. To assess the feasibility of antithrombotic therapy in CLL patients receiving ibrutinib and having indications for this therapy, as well as the use of dual antiplatelet and dual antithrombotic therapies.

Materials & Methods. The trial included 197 patients with CLL (n = 190), mantle cell lymphoma (n = 5), and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (n = 2) aged 32 to 91 years (median 66 years). The number of female patients was 70, aged 39 to 83 years (median 64 years) and the number of male patients was 127, aged 32 to 91 years (median 66 years). The patients were at different stages of ibrutinib treatment within 5 to 56 months. In this work methods of nonparametric statistics were used. All data are shown in the form of median and interquartile range or absolute numbers and percentages.

Results. Antithrombotic therapy during ibrutinib administration was used in 29 (14,7 %) patients. The new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) had to be prescribed to 26 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Dual antiplatelet therapy was used in 3 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with subsequent revascularization. In 2 patients with AF who underwent coronary stenting the dual antithrombotic therapy instead of the triple one was administered according to the management algorithm for patients with high risk of hemorrhagic complications. In 6 patients out of those who had AF and received NOAC the drug was withdrawn because of thrombocytopenia. Hemorrhagic manifestations which were the reason of NOAC withdrawal were observed in 1 female patient in the form of gross hematuria recurring when anticoagulant treatment was switched to the minimal effective doses and also when the administered anticoagulant was replaced with another one used in the minimal dose effective for stroke prevention in patients with AF. Hemorrhagic manifestations which were the reason of anticoagulant dose reduction emerged in 4 patients, and 3 patients required another anticoagulant for the same reason. In 5 patients there was no need to change the anticoagulant treatment. In 10 NOAC recipients no hemorrhagic syndrome was observed. None of 5 patients receiving dual antithrombotic therapy showed hemorrhagic complications within 3 to 14 months. The incidence of them in women is more than twice as high as in men.

Conclusion. Hemorrhagic manifestations in patients receiving ibrutinib and antithrombotic therapy were not life threatening and, in most cases, did not require drug withdrawal. Thrombocytopenia was the main reason for NOAC withdrawal. A thorough follow-up of patients receiving ibrutinib and antithrombotic therapy allows for timely correction of it if necessary. It involves dose reduction, anticoagulant replacement, and in rare cases the withdrawal of antithrombotic therapy with subsequent consideration of the feasibility of its resumption. As a rule, the need for different variants of antithrombotic therapy is not an obstacle to either assignment or continuation of antineoplastic treatment with ibrutinib.

Keywords: ibrutinib, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, antithrombotic therapy, dual antiplatelet therapy, atrial fibrillation, coronary stenting on ibrutinib therapy, new oral anticoagulants, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban.

Received: February 25, 2019

Accepted: July 31, 2019

Read in PDF

REFERENCES

  1. Chang H-M, Okwuosa TM, Scarabelli T, et al. Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapy Best Practices in Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management: Part 2. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(2):2552–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.1095.

  2. Mulligan SP, Ward CM, Whalley D, et al. Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulant stroke prophylaxis and bleeding risk with ibrutinib therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphoproliferative disorders. Br J Haematol. 2016;175(3):359–64. doi: 10.1111/bjh.14321.

  3. Short NJ, Connors JM. New Oral Anticoagulants and the Cancer Patient. Oncologist. 2014;19(1):82–93. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0239.

  4. Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. Circulation. 2016;134(10):e123–e155. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000404.

  5. Gribben JG, Bosch F, Cymbalista F, et al. Optimising outcomes for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia on ibrutinib therapy: European recommendations for clinical practice. Br J Haematol. 2018;180(5):666–79. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15080.

  6. Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2017;39(3):213–60. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419.

  7. Lopez-Fernandez T, Garcia AM, Beltran AS, et al. Cardio-Onco-Hematology in Clinical Practice. Position Paper and Recommendations. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017;70(6):474–86. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2016.12.041.

  8. Шахматова О.О. Специфические антидоты к новым пероральным антикоагулянтам. Атеротромбоз. 2016;(1):81–94. doi: 10.21518/2307-1109-2016-1-81-94.

    [Shakhmatova OO. Specific antidotes to new oral anticoagulants. Atherothrombosis Journal. 2016;(1):81–94. doi: 10.21518/2307-1109-2016-1-81-94. (In Russ)]

  9. Shatzel JJ, Olson SR, Tao DL, et al. Ibrutinib-associated bleeding: pathogenesis, management and risk reduction strategies. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(5):835–47. doi: 10.1111/jth.13651.

  10. Levy JH, Ageno W, Chan NC, et al. When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(3):623–7. doi: 10.1111/jth.13227.

  11. Crowther M, Crowther MA. Antidotes for novel oral anticoagulants: current status and future potential. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35(8):1736–45. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303402.

  12. Клинические рекомендации: «диагностика и лечение фибрилляции предсердий». Под ред. А.Ш. Ревишвили, Ф.Г. Рзаева и др. [электронный документ]. Доступно по: http://webmed.irkutsk.ru/doc/pdf/af.pdf. Ссылка активна на 11.07.2019. [Revishvili ASh, Rzaev FG, et al, eds. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii: “diagnostika i lechenie fibrillyatsii predserdii”. (Clinical guidelines: “Diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation”.) [Internet]. Available from: http://webmed.irkutsk.ru/doc/pdf/af.pdf. (accessed 11.07.2019) (In Russ)]

  13. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893–962. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.

  14. Graham DJ, Baro E, Zhang R, et al. Comparative Stroke, Bleeding, and Mortality Risks in Older Medicare Patients Treated with Oral Anticoagulants for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Med. 2019;132(5):596–604.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.12.023.

  15. Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, et al. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials a consensus report from the bleeding academic research consortium. Circulation. 2011;123(23):2736–47. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009449.